Breast Cancer

What is Breast Cancer?

‍Breast cancer is a disease where cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way. These cells can form a lump or tumour, and in some cases, may spread to other parts of the body. Most breast cancers start in the ducts (which carry milk to the nipple) or the lobules (the glands that make milk).

There are several types of breast cancer, and it can affect both women and men—though it's much more common in women. Early detection is key, as breast cancer found at an earlier stage is often easier to treat and has a better outlook.

Should I Consider Genetic Breast Cancer Testing?

If you have a personal or family history of breast cancer, you may want to consider genetic testing. Inherited changes (mutations) in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and others can increase your risk of developing breast cancer. Genetic testing can identify whether you carry one of these mutations, providing valuable information for your health and helping you make proactive choices for early detection, prevention, or treatment.

You are more likely to benefit from genetic testing if you were diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age (under 50), if you have multiple family members affected by breast, ovarian, prostate or pancreatic cancer, or if you have a known family history of inherited gene mutations. Certain ethnic groups, particularly those with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, also have a higher chance of carrying BRCA mutations — around 1 in 40 compared to 1 in 400 in the general population. Studies show that inherited mutations account for around 5–10% of all breast cancers.

What are the Symptoms?

• A lump or swelling in the breast, upper chest, or armpit
• Change in the size or shape of the breast
• Skin changes such as dimpling, puckering, or redness
• A rash or crusting around the nipple
• Nipple discharge (that’s not breast milk)
• Nipple turning inwards (inversion)
• Pain in the breast or armpit
• A change in the appearance or feel of the nipple or breast

Not all lumps are cancerous, but it’s important to get any changes checked by a doctor. Early detection can make a big difference.

What are the causes?

Breast cancer can be caused by a combination of factors. These include age (risk increases as you get older), hormonal factors, lifestyle choices, and exposure to certain environmental risks. However, in many cases, there’s no single known cause.Around 5–10% of breast cancers are due to inherited genetic changes. If you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may carry a variant in a gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2, which can significantly increase your risk. Genetic testing can help identify this inherited risk and guide decisions around screening and prevention.

What other tests are available?

The most common test for detecting breast cancer is a mammogram, which is an X-ray of the breast. It can pick up changes in breast tissue before a lump can be felt. In the UK, women aged 50 to 70 are routinely invited for NHS breast screening every three years, although younger women at high risk may be offered screening earlier.Other tests include ultrasound scans, breast MRI, and biopsies—where a small sample of tissue is taken to be examined under a microscope. If you’re concerned about inherited risk, genetic testing can look for gene variants linked to breast cancer and help you understand your long-term risk.

How is it treated?

Treatment for breast cancer depends on the type, stage, and whether the cancer has spread. Common treatments include surgery to remove the cancer, radiotherapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells, and chemotherapy to target cancer throughout the body. Some women may also be offered hormone therapy or targeted therapy, depending on the cancer's characteristics.

In cases of hereditary breast cancer, treatment plans may also include discussions around preventative options, such as risk-reducing surgery (e.g. double mastectomy), particularly if a high-risk gene is involved. Your care team will work with you to choose the best treatment approach for your situation, focusing on both effectiveness and quality of life.