What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a disease where abnormal cells in the ovaries grow and divide uncontrollably. These cells can form a lump or tumour, and in some cases, may spread to other parts of the body. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and are responsible for producing eggs and hormones like oestrogen and progesterone.
Most ovarian cancers start in the cells covering the ovary (epithelial ovarian cancer), but they can also begin in the egg-producing cells or the supporting tissue. Ovarian cancer is often called a "silent" disease because symptoms can be vague and easy to overlook. It mainly affects women after the age of 50, but it can happen at any age. Like many cancers, early detection and genetic screening for ovarian cancer can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment.
Should I Consider Genetic Ovarian Cancer Testing?
If you have a family history of ovarian cancer, or related cancers such as breast, bowel, or prostate cancer, you may want to consider genetic testing for ovarian cancer. Certain inherited changes (mutations) in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, and others can significantly raise the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Testing can help you understand whether you carry one of these genetic changes, offering important information for your future health and for your family.
You might be at higher risk if you have two or more close relatives who have had ovarian cancer, if you or a family member were diagnosed at a younger age (under 50), or if you have a known inherited mutation in your family. People of certain ethnic backgrounds, such as those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, are particularly at higher risk, around 1 in 40 people in this group carry a BRCA mutation, compared to about 1 in 400 in the general population. Research also shows that about 15-20% of ovarian cancers are linked to inherited genetic changes, with BRCA1 and BRCA2 being the most commonly involved genes. Genetic testing for ovarian cancer’s risk can open up options for early monitoring, preventative treatments, or risk-reducing surgery. This is often done alongside professional genetic counselling, helping you make informed decisions.
What are the Symptoms?
- Persistent bloating or swelling of the abdomen
- Feeling full quickly or difficulty eating
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Needing to urinate more often or more urgently
- Changes in bowel habits (such as constipation)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Extreme tiredness
- Pain during sex
These symptoms are common to many less serious conditions, but if they are new, persistent, or frequent (happening more than 12 times a month), it’s important to see a doctor. Early diagnosis can make a big difference to treatment outcomes.
What are the causes?
Ovarian cancer can be caused by a mix of factors, including increasing age, hormone levels, lifestyle factors, and family history. In some cases, the exact cause is unknown. Having a strong family history of ovarian, breast, prostate, or pancreatic cancer may increase your risk.
Around 15-20% of ovarian cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations, most commonly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at particularly higher risk, with about 1 in 40 carrying a BRCA mutation compared to about 1 in 400 in the general population. Genetic testing can help detect these inherited risks and inform decisions about screening, monitoring, and preventative options.
What other tests are available?
There isn’t a single reliable screening test for ovarian cancer in the general population. However, if symptoms suggest a problem, doctors may recommend a combination of tests such as a pelvic examination, an ultrasound scan, and blood tests like CA125, which looks for a protein often raised in ovarian cancer.
If you are concerned about inherited risk, genetic testing can check for changes in BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant genes. Knowing your genetic status can help you and your healthcare team plan the best approach for your health, including regular monitoring or risk-reducing strategies.
How is it treated?
Treatment for ovarian cancer usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible, often followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The exact treatment plan depends on the type, stage, and grade of the cancer. In some cases, targeted therapies and hormone therapies may also be used.
For individuals found to carry inherited gene mutations, treatment plans may also include preventative measures such as removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes before cancer develops. Your care team will work with you to choose the most effective treatment and support you through every step, aiming to balance successful outcomes with quality of life.
