Prostate Cancer

What is Prostate Cancer?

Prostate cancer is a disease where cells in the prostate gland grow in an uncontrolled way. These abnormal cells can form a lump or tumour, and in some cases, may spread to other parts of the body. The prostate is a small gland found only in men, located just below the bladder, and it plays a role in producing semen.

There are several types of prostate cancer, but most cases are adenocarcinomas, which start in the gland cells. Prostate cancer often grows slowly, and many men may not notice symptoms for years. However, some types can be more aggressive. Early detection is important, as prostate cancer caught early is often easier to treat and can lead to much better outcomes.

Should I Consider Genetic Prostate Cancer Testing?

If you have a family history of prostate cancer, or related cancers such as breast, ovarian, or pancreatic cancer, you may want to consider genetic testing. Inherited changes (mutations) in genes such as BRCA2, BRCA1, and HOXB13 can significantly increase the risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly aggressive types.

You could be at higher risk if you have two or more close relatives with prostate cancer, if family members were diagnosed at a younger age (under 55), or if you have a known inherited mutation in your family. Men of African-Caribbean descent also have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer and should be particularly aware. Research shows that about 5–10% of prostate cancers are linked to inherited genetic changes. Knowing your genetic risk can help guide decisions around early screening, monitoring, and preventive options.

What are the Symptoms?

• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak flow of urine or taking a long time to urinate
• Needing to urinate more often, especially at night
• Feeling like your bladder hasn’t emptied properly
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis

These symptoms can also be caused by other prostate conditions, such as an enlarged prostate, but it’s important to get them checked by a doctor. Early detection can make a big difference in how prostate cancer is managed and treated.

What are the causes?

Prostate cancer is caused by a combination of factors, including age (risk increases as men get older), family history, ethnicity, and lifestyle choices. Most cases develop without a clear cause, but genetics can play a major role. If you have a strong family history of prostate, breast, or ovarian cancer, you may carry an inherited genetic mutation such as BRCA2, which can significantly raise your risk. Men of African-Caribbean heritage are about twice as likely to develop prostate cancer compared to men of other backgrounds. Genetic testing can help uncover inherited risks and inform your future care.

What other tests are available?

The most common tests for detecting prostate cancer are a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test and a digital rectal examination (DRE). PSA is a protein produced by the prostate, and high levels can be a sign of prostate cancer, although other conditions can also raise PSA levels. Further investigations, such as MRI scans and prostate biopsies, may be recommended if there are concerns. If you’re worried about inherited risk, genetic testing can look for mutations linked to prostate cancer, helping you and your healthcare team decide on the best monitoring and prevention plan.

How is it treated?

Treatment for prostate cancer depends on the type, stage, and how aggressive the cancer is. For slow-growing cancers, active surveillance (careful monitoring without immediate treatment) may be advised. Other options include surgery to remove the prostate, radiotherapy to destroy cancer cells, hormone therapy to block the effects of testosterone, and chemotherapy for more advanced disease.

In cases where prostate cancer is linked to an inherited genetic mutation, treatment decisions may also consider family planning and preventative strategies. Your care team will work closely with you to choose the most appropriate approach, focusing on effective treatment while maintaining your quality of life.